Becoming the People of the Talmud: Oral Torah as Written Tradition in Medieval Jewish Cultures
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In Becoming the People of the Talmud, Talya Fishman examines ways
in which circumstances of transmission have shaped the cultural
meaning of Jewish traditions. Although the Talmud's preeminence in
Jewish study and its determining role in Jewish practice are
generally taken for granted, Fishman contends that these roles were
not solidified until the late eleventh and early twelfth centuries.
The inscription of Talmud--which Sefardi Jews understand to have
occurred quite early, and Ashkenazi Jews only later--precipitated
these developments. The encounter with Oral Torah as a written
corpus was transformative for both subcultures, and it shaped the
roles that Talmud came to play in Jewish life.What were the
historical circumstances that led to the inscription of Oral Torah
in medieval Europe? How did this body of ancient rabbinic
traditions, replete with legal controversies and nonlegal material,
come to be construed as a reference work and prescriptive guide to
Jewish life? Connecting insights from geonica, medieval Jewish and
Christian history, and orality-textuality studies, Becoming the
People of the Talmud reconstructs the process of cultural
transformation that occurred once medieval Jews encountered the
Babylonian Talmud as a written text. According to Fishman, the
ascription of greater authority to written text was accompanied by
changes in reading habits, compositional predilections, classroom
practices, approaches to adjudication, assessments of the past, and
social hierarchies. She contends that certain medieval Jews were
aware of these changes: some noted that books had replaced
teachers; others protested the elevation of Talmud-centered
erudition and casuistic virtuosity into standards of religious
excellence, at the expense of spiritual refinement. The book
concludes with a consideration of Rhineland Pietism's emergence in
this context and suggests that two contemporaneous phenomena--the
prominence of custom in medieval Ashkenazi culture and the novel
Christian attack on Talmud--were indirectly linked to the new
eminence of this written text in Jewish life.
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